Formasi Ortodoksi Kristen dalam Dinamika Konflik Teologis dan Kekuasaan Gerejawi pada Era Patristik
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This study examines the formation of Christian orthodoxy in the patristic era by treating theological conflict and ecclesiastical power as interrelated dynamics. It employs a qualitative library-research approach with historical-theological analysis of academic literature on orthodoxy, heresy, councils, episcopal authority, and imperial involvement. The findings show that orthodoxy did not emerge through a single decisive act but through a gradual process involving the interpretation of Scripture and apostolic tradition, doctrinal controversy, identity differentiation, institutional-conciliar articulation, and ecclesial reception. Conflicts involving Gnosticism, Marcionism, Arianism, pneumatological disputes, and Christological controversies sharpened doctrinal boundaries, while episcopal authority, rivalry among major sees, deposition, excommunication, and imperial intervention shaped mechanisms of public legitimacy. The study’s novelty lies in the proposed Patristic Orthodoxy Formation Model, integrating normative foundations, hermeneutical contestation, identity differentiation, institutional-conciliar articulation, and reception and stabilization. The model shows that orthodoxy emerged through interaction between theological truth claims and historical processes that established ecclesial authority.
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